Country

United Kingdom

IMF’s recent engagements on infrastructure governance

Climate Public Investment Management Assessment (C-PIMA)	September 2021
Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA)	April 2022

Related Documents

PIMA Technical Assistance Report

PIMA Country Summary Assessment

C-PIMA Technical Assistance Report

C-PIMA Country Summary Assessment

Summary of PIMA report

(Published in September 2022)

This Technical Report discusses the results of the Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) of the United Kingdom (UK) undertaken in April 2022. The assessment is timely as the UK plans to increase infrastructure investment in order to boost economic growth, reduce regional disparities and help achieve the climate transition. The PIMA finds that the UK is well positioned to implement the planned ramp-up of public investment given it has robust institutions throughout the public investment cycle. Notwithstanding this, the Report suggests areas for reform that could increase efficiency and unlock greater value from public investment. The application of the Climate-PIMA module is covered in a separate companion report.

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PHASES

Planning (Institutions 1-5) Allocation (Institutions 6-10) Implementation (Institutions 11-15)

INSTITUTION

1. Fiscal Targets and Rules

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

1.a. Is there a target or limit for government to ensure debt sustainability?

1.b. Is fiscal policy guided by one or more permanent fiscal rules?

1.c. Is there a medium-term fiscal framework (MTFF) to align budget preparation with fiscal policy?

INSTITUTION

2. National and Sectoral Planning

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

2.a. Does the government prepare national and sectoral strategies for public investment?

2.b. Are the government’s national and sectoral strategies or plans for public investment costed?

2.c. Do sector strategies include measurable targets for the outputs and outcomes of investment projects?

INSTITUTION

3. Coordinating Between Entities

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

3.a. Is capital spending by SNGs, coordinated with the central government?

3.b. Does the central government have a transparent, rule-based system for making capital transfers to SNGs, and for providing timely information on such transfers?

3.c. Are contingent liabilities arising from capital projects of SNGs, PCs, and PPPs reported to the central government?

INSTITUTION

4. Project Appraisal

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

4.a. Are major capital projects subject to rigorous technical, economic, and financial analysis?

4.b. Is there a standard methodology and central support for the appraisal of projects?

4.c. Are risks taken into account in conducting project appraisals?

INSTITUTION

5. Alternative Infrastructure Financing

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

5.a. Does the regulatory framework support competition in contestable markets for economic infrastructure (e.g., power, water, telecoms, and transport)?

5.b. Has the government published a strategy/policy for PPPs, and a legal/regulatory framework which guides the preparation, selection, and management of PPP projects?

5.c. Does the government oversee the investment plans of public corporations (PCs) and monitor their financial performance?

INSTITUTION

6. Multiyear Budgeting

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

6.a. Is capital spending by ministry or sector forecasted over a multiyear horizon?

6.b. Are there multiyear ceilings on capital expenditure by ministry, sector, or program?

6.c. Are projections of the total construction cost of major capital projects published?

INSTITUTION

7. Budget Comprehensiveness and Unity

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

7.a. Is capital spending mostly undertaken through the budget?

7.b. Are all capital projects, regardless of financing source, shown in the budget documentation?

7.c. Are capital and recurrent budgets prepared and presented together in the budget?

INSTITUTION

8. Budgeting for Investment

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

8.a. Are total project outlays appropriated by the legislature at the time of a project’s commencement?

8.b. Are in-year transfers of appropriations (virement) from capital to current spending prevented?

8.c. Is the completion of ongoing projects given priority over starting new projects?

INSTITUTION

9. Maintenance and Funding

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

9.a. Is there a standard methodology for estimating routine maintenance needs and budget funding?

9.b. Is there a standard methodology for determining major improvements (e.g. renovations, reconstructions, enlargements) to existing assets, and are they included in national and sectoral investment plans?

9.c. Can expenditures relating to routine maintenance and major improvements be identified in the budget?

INSTITUTION

10. Project Selection

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

10.a. Does the government undertake a central review of major project appraisals before decisions are taken to include projects in the budget?

10.b. Does the government publish and adhere to standard criteria, and stipulate a required process for project selection?

10.c. Does the government maintain a pipeline of appraised investment projects for inclusion in the annual budget?

INSTITUTION

11. Procurement

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

11.a. Is the procurement process for major capital projects open and transparent?

11.b. Is there a system in place to ensure that procurement is monitored adequately?

11.c. Are procurement complaints review process conducted in a fair and timely manner?

INSTITUTION

12. Availability of Funding

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

12.a. Are ministries/agencies able to plan and commit expenditure on capital projects in advance on the basis of reliable cash-flow forecasts?

12.b. Is cash for project outlays released in a timely manner?

12.c. Is external (donor) funding of capital projects fully integrated into the main government bank account structure?

INSTITUTION

13. Portfolio Management and Oversight

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

13.a. Are major capital projects subject to monitoring during project implementation?

13.b. Can funds be re-allocated between investment projects during implementation?

13.c. Does the government adjust project implementation policies and procedures by systematically conducting ex post reviews of projects that have completed their construction phase?

INSTITUTION

14. Management Project Implementation

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

14.a. Do ministries/agencies have effective project management arrangements in place?

14.b. Has the government issued rules, procedures and guidelines for project adjustments that are applied systematically across all major projects?

14.c. Are ex post audits of capital projects routinely undertaken?

INSTITUTION

15. Monitoring of Public Assets

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

15.a. Are asset registers updated by surveys of the stocks, values, and conditions of public assets regularly?

15.b. Are nonfinancial asset values recorded in the government financial accounts?

15.c. Is the depreciation of fixed assets captured in the government’s operating statements?

PIMA SCORES

Income Groups

Regions

PHASES

Planning (Institutions 1-5) Allocation (Institutions 6-10) Implementation (Institutions 11-15)

Sources: IMF Investment and Capital Stock Dataset, 2021; and IMF staff calculations based on PIMA reports. Note: The data displayed above might differ from the data in the PIMA report as the latter might incorporate additional information obtained during the PIMA mission.

INSTITUTION

1. Fiscal Targets and Rules

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

1.a. Is there a target or limit for government to ensure debt sustainability?

1.b. Is fiscal policy guided by one or more permanent fiscal rules?

1.c. Is there a medium-term fiscal framework (MTFF) to align budget preparation with fiscal policy?

INSTITUTION

2. National and Sectoral Planning

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

2.a. Does the government prepare national and sectoral strategies for public investment?

2.b. Are the government’s national and sectoral strategies or plans for public investment costed?

2.c. Do sector strategies include measurable targets for the outputs and outcomes of investment projects?

INSTITUTION

3. Coordinating Between Entities

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

3.a. Is capital spending by SNGs, coordinated with the central government?

3.b. Does the central government have a transparent, rule-based system for making capital transfers to SNGs, and for providing timely information on such transfers?

3.c. Are contingent liabilities arising from capital projects of SNGs, PCs, and PPPs reported to the central government?

INSTITUTION

4. Project Appraisal

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

4.a. Are major capital projects subject to rigorous technical, economic, and financial analysis?

4.b. Is there a standard methodology and central support for the appraisal of projects?

4.c. Are risks taken into account in conducting project appraisals?

INSTITUTION

5. Alternative Infrastructure Financing

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

5.a. Does the regulatory framework support competition in contestable markets for economic infrastructure (e.g., power, water, telecoms, and transport)?

5.b. Has the government published a strategy/policy for PPPs, and a legal/regulatory framework which guides the preparation, selection, and management of PPP projects?

5.c. Does the government oversee the investment plans of public corporations (PCs) and monitor their financial performance?

INSTITUTION

6. Multiyear Budgeting

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

6.a. Is capital spending by ministry or sector forecasted over a multiyear horizon?

6.b. Are there multiyear ceilings on capital expenditure by ministry, sector, or program?

6.c. Are projections of the total construction cost of major capital projects published?

INSTITUTION

7. Budget Comprehensiveness and Unity

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

7.a. Is capital spending mostly undertaken through the budget?

7.b. Are all capital projects, regardless of financing source, shown in the budget documentation?

7.c. Are capital and recurrent budgets prepared and presented together in the budget?

INSTITUTION

8. Budgeting for Investment

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

8.a. Are total project outlays appropriated by the legislature at the time of a project’s commencement?

8.b. Are in-year transfers of appropriations (virement) from capital to current spending prevented?

8.c. Is the completion of ongoing projects given priority over starting new projects?

INSTITUTION

9. Maintenance and Funding

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

9.a. Is there a standard methodology for estimating routine maintenance needs and budget funding?

9.c. Can expenditures relating to routine maintenance and major improvements be identified in the budget?

INSTITUTION

10. Project Selection

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

10.a. Does the government undertake a central review of major project appraisals before decisions are taken to include projects in the budget?

10.b. Does the government publish and adhere to standard criteria, and stipulate a required process for project selection?

10.c. Does the government maintain a pipeline of appraised investment projects for inclusion in the annual budget?

INSTITUTION

11. Procurement

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

11.a. Is the procurement process for major capital projects open and transparent?

11.b. Is there a system in place to ensure that procurement is monitored adequately?

11.c. Are procurement complaints review process conducted in a fair and timely manner?

INSTITUTION

12. Availability of Funding

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

12.a. Are ministries/agencies able to plan and commit expenditure on capital projects in advance on the basis of reliable cash-flow forecasts?

12.b. Is cash for project outlays released in a timely manner?

12.c. Is external (donor) funding of capital projects fully integrated into the main government bank account structure?

INSTITUTION

13. Portfolio Management and Oversight

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

13.a. Are major capital projects subject to monitoring during project implementation?

13.b. Can funds be re-allocated between investment projects during implementation?

13.c. Does the government adjust project implementation policies and procedures by systematically conducting ex post reviews of projects that have completed their construction phase?

INSTITUTION

14. Management Project Implementation

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

14.a. Do ministries/agencies have effective project management arrangements in place?

14.b. Has the government issued rules, procedures and guidelines for project adjustments that are applied systematically across all major projects?

14.c. Are ex post audits of capital projects routinely undertaken?

INSTITUTION

15. Monitoring of Public Assets

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

Effectiveness: ---

OVERALL SCORES

DIMENSION SCORES

15.a. Are asset registers updated by surveys of the stocks, values, and conditions of public assets regularly?

15.b. Are nonfinancial asset values recorded in the government financial accounts?

15.c. Is the depreciation of fixed assets captured in the government’s operating statements?

How To Read The Flower Chart

Scoring

Each institution is analyzed along three dimensions that reflect the key features of the given institution, resulting in a total of 45 dimensions. Three possible scores are assigned to each dimension (1: not met, 2: partially met, 3: fully met) and their average within an institution produces a score for that institution. PIMA scores are summarized in a chart that allows comparison with its comparators. In the chart, the further the away from the center, the higher the PIMA scores.

Institutional Design and Effectiveness

Another key feature of the PIMA is that it assesses both institutional design (“what is on paper”) and effectiveness (“what is in practice”) of a given country, because there is often a gap between the design of formal rules and how they are implemented in practice, due to capacity constraints among others.

Scores by Income Level

All countries, most notably emerging markets and low-income developing countries, have significant room to improve their infrastructure governance to increase effectiveness in public investment.

What Countries are in Each Income Group

The countries listed below cover only refer to those that have conducted PIMA.

Advanced economies (ADV) and low-income developing countries (LIDC) are classified according to latest World Economic Outlook. Emerging market (EME) include those not classified as advanced economies or low-income developing countries. Fragile states are classified based on IMF Policy Paper, Macroeconomic Developments and Prospects in Low-Income Developing Countries, 2018.

Advanced Economies (ADV)

Estonia

Ireland

Poland

Slovak Republic

United Kingdom

Emerging Markets (EME)

Albania

Angola

Anguilla

Argentina

Armenia

Belize

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Bulgaria

Costa Rica

Croatia

Egypt

El Salvador

Eswatini

Gabon

Georgia

Grenada

Guyana

Indonesia

Jordan

Kosovo

Lebanon

Malaysia

Maldives

Mauritius

Mexico

Montenegro

Morocco

North Macedonia

Peru

Philippines

Romania

Serbia

Sri Lanka

Thailand

Timor-Leste

Tunisia

Ukraine

Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDC)

Bangladesh

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cambodia

Cameroon

Côte d'Ivoire

Democratic Republic of Congo

The Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Haiti

Honduras

Kenya

Kiribati

Kyrgyz Republic

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mauritania

Moldova

Mongolia

Mozambique

Nepal

Niger

Nigeria

Rwanda

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Togo

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

Zambia

Fragile States (FS)

Côte d'Ivoire

Democratic Republic of Congo

Gambia

Guinea

Haiti

Kiribati

Kosovo

Lebanon

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Maldives

Mali

Sierra Leone

Timor-Leste

Togo

Summary of C-PIMA report

(Published in September 2022)

The UK has one of the most ambitious climate mitigation targets in the world, achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Long-term emissions reduction targets are legally-binding, there is a well-developed climate change framework including governance frameworks for mitigation and adaptation. Interim national targets or “five-year carbon budgets” are submitted to parliament for approval and there are National Adaptation Programs. The UK has reduced its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 44 percent between 1990 and 2019, but it will likely be exposed to severe climate change risks such as increased flooding.

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INSTITUTIONS

C1 (Dimensions C1a-C1c) C2 (Dimensions C2a-C2c) C3 (Dimensions C3a-C3c) C4 (Dimensions C4a-C4c) C5 (Dimensions C5a-C5c)

DIMENSION

C1a. National and Sectoral Planning

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C1a.a.

C1a.b.

C1a.c.

DIMENSION

C1b. Land Use and Building Regulations

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C1b.a.

C1b.b.

C1b.c.

DIMENSION

C1c. Centralized Guidance on Planning

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C1c.a.

C1c.b.

C1c.c.

DIMENSION

C2a. Coordination Across Central Government

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C2a.a.

C2a.b.

C2a.c.

DIMENSION

C2b. Coordination with Subnational Governments

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C2b.a.

C2b.b.

C2b.c.

DIMENSION

C2c. Oversight Framework for Public Corporations

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C2c.a.

C2c.b.

C2c.c.

DIMENSION

C3a. Climate Analysis in Project Appraisal

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C3a.a.

C3a.b.

C3a.c.

DIMENSION

C3b. PPP Framework Including Climate Risks

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C3b.a.

C3b.b.

C3b.c.

DIMENSION

C3c. Climate Consideration in Project Selection

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C3c.a.

C3c.b.

C3c.c.

DIMENSION

C4a. Climate Budget Tagging

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C4a.a.

C4a.b.

C4a.c.

DIMENSION

C4b. Ex Post Review of Projects

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C4b.a.

C4b.b.

C4b.c.

DIMENSION

C4c. Asset Management Including Climate Risks

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C4c.a.

C4c.b.

C4c.c.

DIMENSION

C5a. Disaster Risk Management Strategy

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C5a.a.

C5a.b.

C5a.c.

DIMENSION

C5b. Ex Ante Financing Mechanisms

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C5b.a.

C5b.b.

C5b.c.

DIMENSION

C5c. Fiscal Risk Analysis Including Climate Risks

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C5c.a.

C5c.b.

C5c.c.

C-PIMA SCORES

Income Groups

Regions

INSTITUTIONS

C1 (Dimensions C1a-C1c) C2 (Dimensions C2a-C2c) C3 (Dimensions C3a-C3c) C4 (Dimensions C4a-C4c) C5 (Dimensions C5a-C5c)

DIMENSION

C1a. National and Sectoral Planning

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C1a.a.

C1a.b.

C1a.c.

DIMENSION

C1b. Land Use and Building Regulations

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C1b.a.

C1b.b.

C1b.c.

DIMENSION

C1c. Centralized Guidance on Planning

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C1c.a.

C1c.b.

C1c.c.

DIMENSION

C2a. Coordination Across Central Government

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C2a.a.

C2a.b.

C2a.c.

DIMENSION

C2b. Coordination with Subnational Governments

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C2b.a.

C2b.b.

C2b.c.

DIMENSION

C2c. Oversight Framework for Public Corporations

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C2c.a.

C2c.b.

C2c.c.

DIMENSION

C3a. Climate Analysis in Project Appraisal

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C3a.a.

C3a.b.

C3a.c.

DIMENSION

C3b. PPP Framework Including Climate Risks

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C3b.a.

C3b.b.

C3b.c.

DIMENSION

C3c. Climate Consideration in Project Selection

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C3c.a.

C3c.b.

C3c.c.

DIMENSION

C4a. Climate Budget Tagging

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C4a.a.

C4a.b.

C4a.c.

DIMENSION

C4b. Ex Post Review of Projects

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C4b.a.

C4b.b.

C4b.c.

DIMENSION

C4c. Asset Management Including Climate Risks

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C4c.a.

C4c.b.

C4c.c.

DIMENSION

C5a. Disaster Risk Management Strategy

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C5a.a.

C5a.b.

C5a.c.

DIMENSION

C5b. Ex Ante Financing Mechanisms

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C5b.a.

C5b.b.

C5b.c.

DIMENSION

C5c. Fiscal Risk Analysis Including Climate Risks

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT

Institutional Design: ---

DIMENSION SCORE

DIMENSION SCORES

C5c.a.

C5c.b.

C5c.c.

How To Read The Flower Chart

Scoring

Institutional Design and Effectiveness

Scores by Income Level

All countries, most notably emerging markets and low-income developing countries, have significant room to improve their infrastructure governance to increase effectiveness in public investment.

What Countries are in Each Income Group

The countries listed below cover only refer to those that have conducted PIMA.

Advanced Economies (ADV)

Estonia

Ireland

Poland

Slovak Republic

United Kingdom

Emerging Markets (EME)

Albania

Angola

Anguilla

Argentina

Armenia

Belize

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Bulgaria

Costa Rica

Croatia

Egypt

El Salvador

Eswatini

Gabon

Georgia

Grenada

Guyana

Indonesia

Jordan

Kosovo

Lebanon

Malaysia

Maldives

Mauritius

Mexico

Montenegro

Morocco

North Macedonia

Peru

Philippines

Romania

Serbia

Sri Lanka

Thailand

Timor-Leste

Tunisia

Ukraine

Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDC)

Bangladesh

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cambodia

Cameroon

Côte d'Ivoire

Democratic Republic of Congo

The Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Haiti

Honduras

Kenya

Kiribati

Kyrgyz Republic

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mauritania

Moldova

Mongolia

Mozambique

Nepal

Niger

Nigeria

Rwanda

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Togo

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

Zambia

Fragile States (FS)

Côte d'Ivoire

Democratic Republic of Congo

Gambia

Guinea

Haiti

Kiribati

Kosovo

Lebanon

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Maldives

Mali

Sierra Leone

Timor-Leste

Togo